Clinical manifestations-mitral-stenosis

• Dyspnea and pulmonary edema (if due to RHD, sx usually begin in 30s) precipitants: exercise, fever, anemia, volume overload (incl. pregnancy), tachycardia, AF
• Atrial fibrillation: onset often precipitates heart failure in Pts w/ MS
• Embolic events: commonly cerebral, espec in AF or endocarditis
• Pulmonary: hemoptysis, frequent bronchitis (due to congestion), PHT, RV failure
• Ortner’s syndrome: hoarseness from LA compression of recurrent laryngeal nerve