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🌱 來自: bladder cancer

workup-of-bladder cancer

• Evaluation of entire urinary tract:
  • Cystourethroscopy,
  • consider urine cytology (low sensitivity ∼34%, high specificity ∼98%) (Urology 2003;61:109),
  • abd & upper tract imaging
• Initial cystoscopy includes bimanual exam under anesthesia to assess for locally advanced dz,
  • bladder wash for cytology,
  • visual inspection & tumors biopsied or transurethral resection,
  • random bxs if positive urine cytology w/ no visible tumors
• If no muscle in specimen,
  • strongly consider repeat TURBT-aim to correctly identify stage & grade while completely resecting all visible tumors
• UC are either low-grade or high-grade, w/ muscle-invasive dz almost always high-grade