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🌱 來自: Vitamin B12 deficiency

Etiologies of Vitamin B12 deficiency

malnutrition (alcoholics, vegans), pernicious anemia (PA, autoimmune disease against gastric parietal cells, a/w polyglandular endocrine insufficiency and ↑ risk of gastric carcinoma), other causes of ↓ absorption (gastrectomy, sprue, Crohn’s disease), ↑ competition (intestinal bacterial overgrowth, fish tapeworm)

• 營養不良（酗酒者，素食主義者）
• 惡性貧血（PA，免疫性疾病反對胃壁細胞)
• 與多腺體內分泌功能不足和胃癌的風險↑有關）
• 其他↓吸收的原因（胃切除術，回腸病，克羅恩病）
• 競爭↑（腸道細菌過度生長，魚縧蟲）