Staging and prognosis-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

• Assess breathlessness, cough, sputum, exercise capacity & energy (tools such as CAT and mMRC may be used as part of assessment)
• Ratio of diam PA/aorta >1 associated with ~3× ↑ risk of exacerbations (NEJM 2012;367:913)
• FEV1 stages: I = ≥80%; II = 50–79% (~11% 3-y mort.); III = 30–49% (~15% 3-y mort.); IV = <30% (~24% 3-y mort.)