Precipitants of acute heart failure
- Dietary indiscretion
- medical nonadherence (~40% of cases)
- Myocardial ischemia
- infarction (~10–15% of cases);
- myocarditis
- Renal failure (acute, progression of CKD, or insufficient dialysis) → ↑ preload
- Hypertensive crisis (incl. from RAS), worsening AS → ↑ left-sided afterload
- Drugs (βB, CCB, NSAIDs, TZDs),
- chemo (anthracyclines, trastuzumab), or
- toxins (EtOH)
- arrhythmias;
- acute valvular dysfxn: bacterial endocarditis
- espec mitral or aortic regurgitation
- COPD/PE → ↑ right-sided afterload;
- extreme stress
- anemia;
- systemic infxn;
- thyroid dis.
