Precipitants of acute heart failure

  • Dietary indiscretion
  • medical nonadherence (~40% of cases)
  • Myocardial ischemia
  • infarction (~10–15% of cases);
  • myocarditis
  • Renal failure (acute, progression of CKD, or insufficient dialysis) → ↑ preload
  • Hypertensive crisis (incl. from RAS), worsening AS → ↑ left-sided afterload
  • Drugs (βB, CCB, NSAIDs, TZDs),
  • chemo (anthracyclines, trastuzumab), or
  • toxins (EtOH)
  • arrhythmias;
  • acute valvular dysfxn: bacterial endocarditis
  • espec mitral or aortic regurgitation
  • COPD/PE → ↑ right-sided afterload;
  • extreme stress
  • anemia;
  • systemic infxn;
  • thyroid dis.

Congestion?