Evaluation-dyspnea
History
quality of sensation, tempo, positional dependence, exac./allev. factors, exertion
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- 除了劇烈運動外, ✖ 不會因呼吸困難而煩惱。
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- 在 ↣ 平坦的 → 地面上行走或在 ↣ 小山坡上行走時呼吸短促。
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- 由於呼吸困難,在 ↣ 平地上走得比同齡人慢,或在 ↣ 平地上以自己的 → 步調行走時 ✖ 不得 ✖ 不停下來休息。
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- 步行 100 m 或平地步行幾分鐘後停止休息。
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- 氣喘吁吁離開家,或日常生活活動氣喘吁籲 (例如,穿衣/脫衣)
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Cardiopulmonary exam, SaO2, CXR, ECG, ABG,
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U/S Predictors of CHF: h/o CHF, PND, S3, CXR w/ venous congestion, AF (JAMA 2005;294:1944)
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Dyspnea w/ nl CXR: CAD, asthma, PE, PHT, early ILD, anemia, acidosis, NM disease
- Based on results of initial evaluation: PFT, chest CT, TTE, cardiopulmonary testing
BNP & NT-proBNP ↑ in CHF (also ↑ in AF, RV strain from PE, COPD flare, PHT, ARDS)
- <100 pg/mL to r/o CHF (90% Se),
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400 to r/i (NEJM 2002;347:161) NT-proBNP
- <300 pg/mL to r/o CHF (99% Se);
- age-related cut points to r/i: >450 pg/mL (<50 y), >900 (50-75 y), >1800 (>75 y) (EHJ 2006;27:330)
- 50: 450
- 75: 900
- 75+: 1800
- ↑ in chronic HF, ∴ need to compare to known “dry BNP.” May be falsely low in obesity.