Pathogenesis-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Lancet 2017;389:1931
- Cigarette smoke (centrilobular emphysema, affects 15–20% of smokers)
- Recurrent airway infections
- α1-antitrypsin deficiency
- Low FEV1 in early adulthood associated with COPD (NEJM 2015;373:111)