NOTE

🌱 created from: anal cancer

clinical_manifestations_of_anal_cancer

• Symptoms:
  • 45% rectal bleeding,
  • 30% symptoms of mass incl. pain & tenesmus
• At presentation:
  • 50% of CAs are localized at presentation (80% 5-y OS);
  • 29% have regional LN involvement (60% 5-y OS);
  • 12% present w/ distant mets (31% 5-y OS)
• Stepwise model of premalignant LSIL → high-grade SIL → CA is less validated compared to cervical neoplasia & progression rates are slower (Lancet Oncol 2012;13:487)
• Anatomic zones separated by anorectal ring & anal verge:
  • Anal canal → between anorectal ring & anal verge;
  • anal margin→ includes anal verge & 6 cm radius of surrounding skin
• Figure 16-3 Devita, Hellman, and Rosenberg’s Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. 9th edition. 2011.
• LN drainage_of_clinical_manifestations_of_anal_cancer
• Met sites_of_clinical_manifestations_of_anal_cancer