Pathophysiology-diabetic ketoacidosis

(NEJM 2015;372:546)

• Occurs in T1D (and in ketosis-prone T2D); ↑ glucagon and ↓ insulin
• Hyperglycemia due to: ↑ gluconeogenesis, ↑ glycogenolysis, ↓ glucose uptake into cells
• Ketosis due to: insulin deficiency → mobilization and oxidation of fatty acids, ↑ substrate for ketogenesis, ↑ ketogenic state of the liver, ↓ ketone clearance

Explain by ChatGPT

• Acidosis due to: accumulation of ketone bodies

• Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) is a condition that can occur in people with type 1 diabetes (T1D) or ketosis-prone type 2 diabetes (T2D).
• DKA happens when there is too much glucose in the blood and not enough insulin.
• Without insulin, the body cannot use glucose for energy.
• The body breaks down fat to use for energy, and this process makes ketones.
• Ketones are acids, and they build up in the blood.
• Too many ketones can make the blood too acidic.
• DKA can be serious and even life-threatening.

窩的英文不太好

• 酸中毒原因：酮體（乙酰乙酸、β-羥基丁酸、和丙酮）

• 糖尿病酮症酸中毒 (DKA) 是一種可能發生在 1 型糖尿病 (T1D) 或易患酮症的 2 型糖尿病 (T2D) 患者中的病症。
• 當血液中葡萄糖過多而胰島素不足時，就會發生 DKA。
• 沒有胰島素，身體就無法利用葡萄糖獲取能量。
• 身體分解脂肪以獲取能量，這個過程會產生酮。
• 酮是酸，它們會在血液中積聚。
• 過多的酮會使血液過酸。
• DKA 可能很嚴重，甚至危及生命。