Etiologies of Hypocalcemia
Laboratory Findings in Calcium Disorders
Hypoparathyroidism
Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism
Vit D defic. or resist
(NEJM 2011;364:248; JCEM 2012;97:1153)
- ⭐ 學習重點 ⭐
- 大多數血清 25-羥基維生素 D (25[OH]D) 為 12 至 20 ng/mL(30 至 50 nmol/L)的健康成人不需要任何額外評估。
- 血清 25(OH)D 水平 <12 ng/mL 的患者有發生骨軟化症的風險。
- 在此類患者中,我們測量血清鈣、磷、鹼性磷酸酶、甲狀旁腺激素 (PTH)、電解質、血尿素氮 (BUN)、肌酐和組織轉谷氨酰胺酶抗體(以評估乳糜瀉)。
- 在某些情況下需要 X 光片,例如存在骨痛。
- Synthesis and Metabolism of Vitamin D.
- Nutritional/sunlight deprivation;
- GI disease/fat malabs.;
- drugs (anticonvulsants, rifampin, ketoconazole, 5-FU/leucovorin);
- genetic (1α-hydroxylase, VDR mutations).
- Deficiency more common.
vitamin D replacement
Chronic renal failure
- ↓ 1,25-(OH)2D production from elevated FGF23, ↑ PO4 from ↓ clearance
Accelerated net bone formation
- Postparathyroidectomy,
- Paget’s disease (JBMR 2019;34:579),
- osteoblastic metastases
Calcium sequestration
- Pancreatitis, citrate excess (after blood transfusions),
- acute ↑↑ PO4 (ARF, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis), bisphosphonates