Etiologies of Hypocalcemia

Laboratory Findings in Calcium Disorders

Hypoparathyroidism

Pseudo-hypoparathyroidism

Vit D defic. or resist

(NEJM 2011;364:248; JCEM 2012;97:1153)

  • ⭐ 學習重點 ⭐
    • 大多數血清 25-羥基維生素 D (25[OH]D) 為 12 至 20 ng/mL(30 至 50 nmol/L)的健康成人不需要任何額外評估。
    • 血清 25(OH)D 水平 <12 ng/mL 的患者有發生骨軟化症的風險。
    • 在此類患者中,我們測量血清鈣、磷、鹼性磷酸酶、甲狀旁腺激素 (PTH)、電解質、血尿素氮 (BUN)、肌酐和組織轉谷氨酰胺酶抗體(以評估乳糜瀉)。
    • 在某些情況下需要 X 光片,例如存在骨痛。
  • Synthesis and Metabolism of Vitamin D.
  • Nutritional/sunlight deprivation;
  • GI disease/fat malabs.;
  • drugs (anticonvulsants, rifampin, ketoconazole, 5-FU/leucovorin);
  • genetic (1α-hydroxylase, VDR mutations).
  • Deficiency more common.

vitamin D replacement

Chronic renal failure

  • ↓ 1,25-(OH)2D production from elevated FGF23, ↑ PO4 from ↓ clearance

Accelerated net bone formation

  • Postparathyroidectomy,
  • Paget’s disease (JBMR 2019;34:579),
  • osteoblastic metastases

Calcium sequestration

  • Pancreatitis, citrate excess (after blood transfusions),
  • acute ↑↑ PO4 (ARF, rhabdomyolysis, tumor lysis), bisphosphonates