Etiology-mitral-stenosis
- Rheumatic heart disease (RHD): fusion of commissures → “fish-mouth” valve from autoimmune rxn to β strep infxn; seen largely in developing world (Circ 2020;142:e337)
- Mitral annular calcification: encroachment upon leaflets → fxnal MS; espec in ESRD
- Postsurgical repair or post-TEER w/ reduced mitral valve area (MVA)
- Congenital, infectious endocarditis w/ large lesion, myxoma near MV, thrombus
- Valvulitis (eg, SLE, amyloid, carcinoid) or infiltration (eg, mucopolysaccharidoses)